CH-17-Review+Questions

**CH-17 Questions here:**


1. Alex and Anthony The enlightenment put reform on the forefront of most Europeans ideologies. Views about self-improvement and advancement filled the heads of many Europeans due to the works of the philosophes. Any monarchs that would take on these reforms generally did it to benefit the state rather than the individual. Faith was also called into question during this time. Many religions were criticized due to their lack of reason in belief. At this time Deism, a belief in a rational god, and atheism, no belief in god, arose to combat the irrationality of traditional religion. Reason was the source of all this questioning of former concrete institutions that would, in earlier years be unquestionably trusted. The philosophes of the enlightenment took much of their ideology from empiricism and rationalism set forth by Isaac Newton and John Locke of the scientific revolution. Voltaire was a major voice of the enlightenment. He criticized the French government, religion, and criminal punishment along with many other things. He was also involved with the Enlightened Absolutists of 18th century Central and Eastern Europe. The Encyclopedia was a major advancement for distributing information. The Encyclopedia was written by many Philosophes and writers and it allowed a mass amount of information and ideas to be spread through one publication. The fact that it managed to be printed uncensored was a major victory for rationalism and the philosophes. Humans wanted to comprehend physical nature during the Enlightenment. Their main attitudes toward the Enlightenment were optimism and willing to try new things. The major influences on the philosophes were the Newtonian view of the world, the political stability and commercial prosperity of Great Britain(1688), the need for economic and administrative reform in France, an the consolidation of the new print culture. These all influenced the philosophes by creating strict demands on what needed to be fixed in the area. Voltaire and the creation of the Encyclopedia were very important in the success of the Enlightenment. Voltaire's beliefs including human society could/ should be improved greatly influenced the minds of other philosphes and some of the leaders at that time. The Encyclopedia provided information about religion, government, and overall gave knowledge to the public. By reading information in the Encyclopedia people could become more literate and also could gain more intelligence.

2. Teddy and Davy The philosophes considered organized religion to be their greatest enemy because it hindered the pursuit of a rational life and the scientific study of humanity and nature. Religion also turned attention away from the world now to the world to come. They attacked most of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. This movement was helped along by Voltaire when he said "Crush the Infamous Thing" which referred to the church. The main tenets of Deism are the belief that God exists which nature can prove and the belief in an afterlife in which rewards are given due to a virtuous life. Jewish writers contributed to the Enlightenment by debating the Jewish place in society. Spinoza wanted a more secularized version for Judaism, whereas Mendelsohn encouraged Jewish assimilation and extensive religious toleration. Mendelsohn wanted Jewish assimilation but at the same time he wanted them to be diverse. The similarities were that they were viciously attacked and also that within their religion their miracles were attacked. The differences were that Islam was not a well known religion, Islam was considered a rival to Christianity, Islam was viewed as a fake religion, Judaism was seen as a primitive faith, Islam was viewed as a sexual religion, and Islam was both fought for and fought against.

3.

4. **Adam smith’s book wealth of Nation declared that mercantilism should be abandoned in England. Smith perspective of earth was that it was boundless and should be exploited thoroughly; while mercantilists assumed earth’s resource is limited in capacity. Smith will be regarded as an advocate of the consumer because he believed economic freedom. Especially, in that individuals be selfish so they can pursue own economic interest. Smith also promoted the economic policy of laissez-fare; in that government’s  in economy is limited. Some enlightenment writers, such as Diderot, condemned European empires for their treatment of Native Americans and their greed over the resources of the New World. Smith believed that economic liberty was the foundation of the economic system. This was why he favored an economy with no mercantilist ties. With his four-stage theory of social and economic development; this led Europeans to believe themselves superior and justified their world domination.**
 * (By marta and Jin)**

5. Montesquieu believed in inividual being greater than society, while Rousseau believed in society being greater than the individual. Rousseau thought that people earned freedom by obeying laws and being part of a greater society. Also, Montesquieu thought that the type of government needed was dependent on the country, while Rousseu believed in absolutism in most cases. Montesquieu's view of England was semi-accurate, but he was not aware of the growing cabinet system. Although this is true, he did take the checks and balances syatem from England, and assessed their government correctly. Rousseu was an enemy of the Enlightenment movement. He hated the society he was in and was a man ahead of his time. Rousseau valued society much more than the individual. (Justin and Olyvia) I apologize for this being late, Justin and I typed this up yesterday during lunch, but it must not have saved correctly because it did not show up. I apologize for the inconvienance.

6. Jenna and Jonathan The enlightened monarchs thoughts of the enlightenment was more of a mere veneer. They only supported the Enlightenment when it was convenient to them.

The enlightened monarchs  was absolute, they just chose to use it in accordance with the enlightened principles. They supported the arts, education and social agenda of the people to make themselves look good.

The monarchs' motivation for these reforms started with a desire to gain support and approval from the philosophes themselves as well as promote Enlightenment thought. However, this motivation was only a minor one. The deeper motivation lay in the desire to increase absolutist power, economic success, and military strength. The partition of Poland displays this desire for the expansion of absolute power. Each nation, Poland, Austria, and Russia, wanted to expand their  reign over surrounding lands. Because Poland was vulnerable and did not have an absolutist government, it was easily taken and split by the the three nations.

7. =** I FIXED THE PROBLEM! PLEASE CLICK ON THIS LINK!!!! **= []

Just hit play and it is all in order. Please play the video!